Monkey Fever in Karnataka: Understanding Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD)

Two recent deaths in Karnataka have drawn attention to a tick-borne viral disease known as Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD), commonly called monkey fever. Here's a detailed explanation of the disease, its causes, symptoms, and preventive measures:

What is Monkey Fever (KFD)?

KFD is a hemorrhagic fever caused by the Kyasanur Forest disease virus (KFDV), belonging to the Flaviviridae family. It primarily affects monkeys as natural reservoirs, but humans can contract it through tick bites or direct contact with infected animals or their carcasses.

Where is it found?

KFD is primarily endemic to the Western Ghats in India, particularly in the states of Karnataka, Goa, Maharashtra, and Kerala. This region provides suitable habitat for the ticks that carry the virus.

How does it spread to humans?

• Tick bites: The primary mode of transmission is through the bite of infected hard ticks belonging to the Haemaphysalis genus. These ticks are commonly found in forested areas and grasslands.
• Direct contact: Handling infected animals or their carcasses, especially during butchering or skinning, can also transmit the virus through open wounds, mucous membranes, or the eyes.

Symptoms of Monkey Fever:

• Early stage: Initial symptoms typically appear within 3-8 days after exposure and include fever, chills, headache, body ache, nausea, and vomiting.
• Later stage: After 3-4 days, more severe symptoms may develop, such as bleeding tendencies, internal bleeding, shock, and neurological complications.

Treatment and prevention:

• No specific antiviral treatment exists for KFD. Supportive care focuses on managing symptoms and preventing complications.
• Vaccination: An effective KFD vaccine is available for those living in or visiting endemic areas.
• Personal protection: Wearing protective clothing and using insect repellents while venturing into tick-infested areas are crucial.
• Community awareness: Educating communities about KFD, its transmission modes, and preventive measures is essential for controlling outbreaks.

Current situation in Karnataka:

• As of February 7th, 2024, Karnataka has reported 49 positive cases of monkey fever with two fatalities.
• The state health department is reviewing its preparedness and taking measures to control the spread of the disease.

Important points to remember:

• Monkey fever is primarily a zoonotic disease transmitted from animals to humans.
• Tick bites are the main mode of transmission, highlighting the importance of personal protection in endemic areas.
• While no specific treatment exists, vaccination and preventive measures are crucial for controlling outbreaks.
• Staying informed and seeking timely medical attention if symptoms develop is essential.